Critique of Traditional Population Maps in Light of Modern Spatial Analysis

Abstract

This research aims to evaluate the efficiency of traditional population maps in representing population distribution, and to compare them with the capabilities of modern spatial analysis within an applied framework on Baghdad Governorate (2024 data). The study adopted a comparative analytical approach between corporeal maps as a descriptive representation based on administrative units as a model for traditional maps, and spatial analysis techniques such as kernel density analysis, hot spot analysis, and spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I) as models for modern spatial analysis maps. The results showed that traditional maps show a general pattern of distribution characterized by the concentration of high density (≥10,000 people/km²) in about 11 districts representing about 29%, but they hide the internal variation and are affected by the problem of modifiable area units (MAUP). Spatial analysis revealed a continuous spatial gradient of density from the center towards the periphery, and identified clusters of high statistical significance (99%) in the urban core, which confirms that the population distribution is characterized by a clustered, non-random pattern. The study concludes that spatial analysis provides a more accurate representation and deeper interpretation of spatial structure, and supports the transition from descriptive representation to interpretive modeling in population geography, while emphasizing the need to adopt modern models that transcend the boundaries of administrative units..