Using Spectral Indices ( NDWI,BSI)to Detect forest Rang Changes in North Iraq (1982-2022)

Abstract

The research aims to monitor the changes occurring in the forest area during the period (1982-2022) in the northeastern region of Sulaymaniyah, which has an area of 4,217.64 km², between the latitudes of ("0 '30 35º and "0 '30 36º) north and the longitudes of ("0 '45 44º and "0 '25 46º) east. Using the NDWI and BSI indices and remote sensing technology from Landsat satellites 3, 5, 7, and 8, and relying on ArcGIS 10.8 and Erdas 2014 software, over two seasons: spring and autumn, the study results showed an increase in the forest area due to the afforestation of large areas of forests to enhance the reality and improve air quality and soil properties. The decline in the forest area is attributed to decreased rainfall, and human behavior plays a significant role in causing changes to the forest area through various incorrect methods, including logging, arson, or mining.