Morphotectonic indicators of the Endeza Basin in Raniya District, north of Sulaymaniyah Governorate

Abstract

The research dealt with the morphotectonic indicators in the Endeze Basin in Raniya District, which is administratively affiliated to the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, which is located in northeastern Iraq. It is located astronomically between longitudes (44°50'0 and 44°30'0) west and between latitudes (36°10'0 and 36°25'0) north. The Endeze Basin flows into the Great Zab River, and the basin area is (334,682 km2). In order to estimate and demonstrate the extent of the impact of tectonic activity through the use of mathematical equations for the geomorphological indicators of river valleys, which are (the asymmetry index (AF)), the mountain front meander index (SMF), the basin shape index (BS), the channel length and slope index (SL), the valley floor width to valley height index (VF), and the relative tectonic activity index (LAT)),The results of the research proved that the effectiveness of tectonic activities continues through these equations, as the indicator showed the relative tectonic activity (LAT) of the basins of the study area, which is the final result of all the results of the morphotectonic indicators, as the basins appeared within the three categories of tectonic activity depending on the most important tectonic classifications, which are (basins of very high tectonic activity, represented by basins (1, 3, 5), and basins with high tectonic activity (2, 4, 6), while the study showed that the main basin has moderate tectonic activity, In addition, the basins of the study area have geomorphological risks to human activities (housing, transportation, tourism) such as rock collapses, rockfall movement and floods. Therefore, the research recommends expanding agriculture in a sophisticated manner according to the study, especially on slopes to stabilize the soil from the risks of erosion, drawing maps to identify safe and stable areas geomorphologically and tectonic activity for human uses. The research recommends conducting comprehensive studies on the geomorphological risks to which the Endeze Basin area is exposed.